葉綠素?zé)晒獾亩喑叨妊芯?/title> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> <script>var V_PATH="/";window.onerror=function(){ return true; };</script> </head> <body> <h1><a href="http://viajasetumisma.com/">亚洲无码在线播放,欧美性爱一级在线视频,最新国产在线拍揄自揄视频,国产福利在线观看不卡视频,亚洲中文字幕aⅴ无码</a></h1> <div style="position:fixed;left:-9000px;top:-9000px;"><wbr id="au4ne"><address id="au4ne"></address></wbr><output id="au4ne"><optgroup id="au4ne"></optgroup></output><object id="au4ne"></object><strike id="au4ne"><noscript id="au4ne"></noscript></strike><u id="au4ne"><bdo id="au4ne"></bdo></u><object id="au4ne"></object><ruby id="au4ne"></ruby><acronym id="au4ne"></acronym><option id="au4ne"></option><option id="au4ne"><tt id="au4ne"></tt></option><input id="au4ne"><p id="au4ne"></p></input><s id="au4ne"><nav id="au4ne"></nav></s><optgroup id="au4ne"><option id="au4ne"></option></optgroup><td id="au4ne"></td><strike id="au4ne"><font 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id="7vlf1mmhd1k" class="new92"> <div class="7vlf1mmhd1k" id="contentt"></div> 日光誘導(dǎo)葉綠素?zé)晒猓╯olar-inducedchlorophyll fluorescence / sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence; sif）與植物光合活性的直接關(guān)系是現(xiàn)代遙感技術(shù)在陸地植被上應(yīng)用的重要動力，憑借其在自然光下與光合作用過程的密切關(guān)聯(lián)成為量化區(qū)域以及尺度植被生產(chǎn)力的關(guān)鍵。不同的遙感觀測量化和應(yīng)用sif具有很大的挑戰(zhàn)性。目前，主動與被動遙感技術(shù)研究的進(jìn)步極大地促進(jìn)了熒光-光合作用關(guān)系研究發(fā)展，不斷開發(fā)的各種探測手段和原型，應(yīng)用于不同尺度（葉片、冠層和區(qū)域）及不同搭載平臺（手持、地基和衛(wèi)星），幫助研究人員詳細(xì)了解植物的功能活動。<br>葉片尺度<br>葉片尺度的熒光探測多以主動遙感技術(shù)為主，通過手持的脈沖輻射調(diào)制（pulse amplitude modulation；pam）的熒光計，向經(jīng)過黑暗處理的葉片發(fā)射主動脈沖光，激發(fā)的熒光信號強(qiáng)度會隨著時間發(fā)生規(guī)律性的變化，稱為感生熒光衰變效應(yīng)（kautsky effect）(stirbet and govindjee, 2011)，熒光圖譜上表現(xiàn)為一條先增后減再趨向平穩(wěn)的曲線，因此也叫熒光動力學(xué)曲線。通過分析曲線，可以獲得一系列光系統(tǒng)尺度上的重要參數(shù)，包括：極小熒光值（minimal fluorescence; f0）、極大熒光值（maximal fluorescence; fm）、熱耗散引起的非光化學(xué)淬滅（non-photochemical quenching; npq）、表觀光合電子傳遞速率（electron transfer rate; etr）和植物光化學(xué)效率（фpsii）等（丁鍵浠等，2021）。<br>葉綠素?zé)晒馀c光合作用高度相關(guān)，這些基于可控脈沖輻射探測到的光系統(tǒng)參數(shù)反映了植被本身的光合能力。由于植被在環(huán)境中具有適應(yīng)性，當(dāng)受到環(huán)境或病蟲害脅迫時，植被的本身的光合能力和葉綠素含量也會變化，因此pam激發(fā)得到的熒光參數(shù)可以探究環(huán)境脅迫（溫度、水分等）對植被的影響（羅俊等，2004）。雖然它可以直接獲得和光合作用有關(guān)的重要參數(shù)，但由于需要較高的脈沖輻射調(diào)制技術(shù)和近距離的貼近葉片的測量距離，不適用于大范圍的遙感監(jiān)測。<br>冠層尺度<br>為了探究植被在自然光照下真實的光合作用過程，基于高光譜的被動遙感技術(shù)提供了在冠層尺度上監(jiān)測sif方法。冠層尺度的測量方式是通過光譜儀測定太陽和冠層上下行光譜，根據(jù)sif在氫吸收或氧吸收暗線的填充效應(yīng)提取sif值。<br>冠層尺度的sif與葉片尺度并不相同，冠層尺度上觀測到的sif值會因為葉片生理特性以及植被冠層結(jié)構(gòu)的改變而改變。大多數(shù)研究監(jiān)測冠層尺度的sif時，都假設(shè)冠層為均一同質(zhì)化平面且為朗伯體（漫射體），但實際情況可能更復(fù)雜(damm et al., 2015)。光譜儀監(jiān)測到的sif絕大部分來源于冠層頂部（top-of canopy; toc），并非是冠層發(fā)射的全部sif，這在冠層垂直結(jié)構(gòu)具有高度復(fù)雜性的森林等生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中表現(xiàn)尤為明顯。而且由于sif在冠層內(nèi)部多次重吸收（紅色sif）和散射（遠(yuǎn)紅外和近紅外sif）過程(圖1，van wittenberghe et al., 2015)，siftoc不一定和整個冠層的發(fā)射的sif呈正比關(guān)系(lu et al., 2020)。因此，光譜儀觀測到的冠層尺度的sif可能不能代表整個冠層真實的sif量值。<br>圖1 在冠層尺度上，日光誘導(dǎo)葉綠素?zé)晒猓╯if）的發(fā)射和相互作用隨著光強(qiáng)的降低而降低；紅色sif發(fā)射僅被重新吸收，而遠(yuǎn)紅和近紅外sif發(fā)射向上和向下散射。圖片來源于(van wittenberghe et al., 2015)<br>除了冠層垂直結(jié)構(gòu)中葉片重吸收和散射導(dǎo)致的siftoc與總發(fā)射sif的差異，太陽-冠層-傳感器幾何角度也會導(dǎo)致觀測sif值的差異。而且具有復(fù)雜冠層結(jié)構(gòu)的森林會比草原受太陽高度角（solar altitude angle; sza）和觀測天頂角（view zenith angle; vza）的影響更大（圖2）。研究表明，熱點(diǎn)方向（太陽入射方向）的sif監(jiān)測更能有效追蹤光合作用(hao et al., 2021)，因此，在布設(shè)儀器時，觀測冠層反射光譜的光纖應(yīng)向北方以一定角度傾斜安裝。<br>圖2 在混交林（d）、稀樹草原（e）和常綠針葉林（f）的不同太陽高度角（vza）和不同觀測天頂角（vza）的sif差異。圖片來源于(zhang et al., 2018)<br>冠層尺度上的sif是光合作用的探針，它與光合有效輻射（photosynthetically active radiation; par）和總初級生產(chǎn)力（gross primary productivity; gpp）具有很強(qiáng)的線性關(guān)系，并且基于高光譜技術(shù)，還可以同時獲得光化學(xué)植被指數(shù)（photochemical reflectance index; pri）和歸一化植被指數(shù)（normalized difference vegetation index; ndvi）等，這些參數(shù)在冠層尺度量化植被生產(chǎn)力具有重要作用。目前，基于地基或塔基平臺已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)sif的全天候自動化觀測，輸出高時間分辨率的sif量值，提高了追蹤光合作用能力的精度。<br>區(qū)域尺度<br>大氣成分衛(wèi)星作為大尺度監(jiān)測的無源遙感平臺，可以實現(xiàn)區(qū)域乃至的sif反演，目前，sif衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)主要來自歐洲的metop、日本的gosat及美國的oco-2這3個衛(wèi)星，分別配備了gome-2、tanso-fts和oco-2這3種傳感器，可以作為植被光合作用監(jiān)測和碳匯估測的有效數(shù)據(jù)源。但星載平臺的限制非常明顯，首先，sif信號在長波和反射輻射中非常弱，還會受到光照條件、植被結(jié)構(gòu)、背景反射和大氣效應(yīng)等的影響，這大大降低了衛(wèi)星sif產(chǎn)品的精度；其次，陸地空間極不均質(zhì)，而星載傳感器空間分辨率也較低（gosat: 10km×10km; gome-2: 40km×40km; oco-2：1.3km×2.25km），監(jiān)測空間不連續(xù)（bandopadhyay et al., 2020）；然后，衛(wèi)星雖然可以長時間連續(xù)觀測，但重訪周期過長，時間分辨率較低。因此，衛(wèi)星sif產(chǎn)品與地面sif數(shù)據(jù)存在空間及時間不匹配，需要進(jìn)一步的研究以做驗證和擴(kuò)展。<br>不同尺度葉綠素?zé)晒庋芯慷贾陵P(guān)重要，雖然sif隨著觀測尺度的增大，觀測精度在不斷降低，但不同尺度上葉綠素?zé)晒獗O(jiān)測仍存在各自的優(yōu)勢與探究價值，如圖3所示。<br>圖3 在不同的尺度和空間分辨率下的sif測量<br>目前，衛(wèi)星sif產(chǎn)品的數(shù)據(jù)真實性對碳匯的準(zhǔn)確估測至關(guān)重要，這需要不斷推動冠層尺度的sif監(jiān)測研究，加快完善站點(diǎn)間sif觀測網(wǎng)絡(luò)?；谶@一需求，我們推出了自主研制的specnet智能高光譜新型聯(lián)網(wǎng)光譜儀（圖4），可以實現(xiàn)對冠層尺度的sif的準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)的監(jiān)測。儀器配備高分辨率和高信噪比的光譜儀和無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)模塊，可實現(xiàn)地物光譜反射率的自動測量、聯(lián)網(wǎng)自動上傳以及基于云平臺的測量數(shù)據(jù)與反演參數(shù)可視化，實時、準(zhǔn)確、高效地監(jiān)控野外測量數(shù)據(jù)，為研究者提供更有力的幫助。<br>圖4 specnet智能高光譜聯(lián)網(wǎng)光譜儀及野外觀測現(xiàn)場（該儀器由北京星視圖公司自主研發(fā)）<br>參考文獻(xiàn)：<br>bandopadhyay s, rastogi a, juszczak r. review of top-of-canopy sun-induced fluorescence (sif) studies from ground, uav, airborne to spaceborne observations. sensors, 2020, 20.damm a, guanter l, verhoef w,et al. impact of varying irradiance on vegetation indices and chlorophyll fluorescence derived from spectroscopy data. remote sensing of environment, 2015, 156: 202-215.hao d, asrar gr, zeng y, etal. potential of hotspot solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence for bettertracking terrestrial photosynthesis. globchang biol, 2021, 27(10): 2144-2158.lu x, liu z, zhao f, et al.comparison of total emitted solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (sif) andtop-of-canopy (toc) sif in estimating photosynthesis. remote sensing of environment, 2020, 251: 112083.stirbet a, govindjee. on the relation between the kautsky effect(chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and photosystem ii: basics and applications of the ojip fluorescence transient. j photochem photobiol b, 2011, 104(1-2): 236-57.van wittenberghe s, alonso l, verrelst j, et al. bidirectional sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission is influenced by leaf structure and light scattering properties — abottom-up approach. remote sensing of environment, 2015, 158: 169-179.zhang z, zhang y, joiner j, et al. angle matters: bidirectional effects impact the slope of relationship between gross primary productivity andsun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from orbiting carbon observatory-2 across biomes. glob chang biol, 2018,24(11): 5017-5020.丁鍵浠, 周蕾, 王永琳, 等. 葉綠素?zé)晒庵鲃优c被動聯(lián)合觀測應(yīng)用前景. 植物生態(tài)學(xué)報, 2021, 45(2): 105-118.羅俊,張木清,林彥銓,等.甘蔗苗期葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)與抗旱性關(guān)系研究.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2004, 37(11):1718-1721.<br> <div class="7vlf1mmhd1k" id="contentb"></div> </div> <div id="7vlf1mmhd1k" class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div>上一個：<a href="n1213397.htm">BURKERT氣動角座調(diào)節(jié)閥技術(shù)參數(shù)</a><br /> 下一個：<a href="n1213395.htm">變頻串聯(lián)諧振設(shè)備的優(yōu)點(diǎn)以及應(yīng)用原理</a> <br /><br /> <a href="n1213097.htm">臺式機(jī)電腦硬盤是哪個盤，臺式電腦硬盤在什么地方</a><br /> <a href="n1213098.htm">ERM-CZ110 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)PM2.5代理 FINE DUST</a><br /> <a href="n1213099.htm">F5C08-431X20C1型美國PARKER節(jié)流閥安裝維護(hù)</a><br /> <a href="n1213100.htm">如何申請二級域名？添加二級域名可以泛解析嗎？</a><br /> <a href="n1213101.htm">怎么給視頻說話自動加字幕(視頻說的話怎么自動配文字)</a><br /> <a href="n1213102.htm">二手500L樹脂反應(yīng)釜廠家日常維護(hù)及故障排除</a><br /> <a href="n1213103.htm">6s 怎么看cpu臺積電,蘋果6s三星的cpu和臺積電的哪個好</a><br /> <a href="n1213104.htm">PLC用戶程序掃描過程</a><br /> <a 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